Furthermore, the ideas (such as ‘the Id’) that the theory is based on are not directly testable, so the approach cannot be considered scientific. interpretations of dreams) such that it supported his ideas. An even bigger criticism is that Freud’s theory was based on biased research – he may have interpreted the subjective evidence (e.g. His theory focuses on childhood as the cause of abnormality at the expense of the current situation, and yet he did not directly study any children. Freud studied a relatively small sample of mainly female patients, and the focus of his theory on sexual desires and repression may reflect the time (late nineteenth century) and society (middle class, mainly Jewish, in Vienna) in which he worked. The psychodynamic approach can be criticised as being based on biased and out-of-date evidence. Unhealthy examples include denial, where a person refuses to accept stressful reality, or displacement, where subconscious fears are transferred to ‘safer’ objects – which could explain phobias. The Ego needs to defend itself from the stress caused, and the ‘defence mechanisms’ is uses can be healthy or unhealthy. an overly strong Superego could lead to anxiety. The Ego, or self, needs to balance the subconscious demands of the Id (guided by the pleasure principle and seeking instant gratification) and the Superego (the sense of right and wrong – the conscience).Ībnormality can be caused by an imbalance between these, e.g. Freud’s psychodynamic theory claims that the mind is divided into three parts. For example between the ages of two and four children are in the anal stage – too much focus on holding in faeces during this time can lead to an ‘anally retentive’ adult personality which is obsessively neat and tidy, in some cases leading to OCD. Outline and evaluate the Psychodynamic approach to abnormality (12marks) It claims that personality develops in childhood through a number of ‘psychosexual stages’ and that too much or too little pleasure at one of these can lead to fixation and abnormal behaviour. Outline and evaluate the Psychodynamic approach to abnormality
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